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B5.5 · 4.5.3.1Paper 2

Hormones & the Endocrine System

Glands, hormones and target organs. Compared to the nervous system. Links to blood glucose, reproduction and plant hormones.

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Key facts

Key glands and hormones

  • Pituitary gland — master gland, releases FSH, LH, ADH, growth hormone
  • Thyroid — thyroxine (controls metabolic rate)
  • Adrenal glands — adrenaline (fight or flight response)
  • Pancreas — insulin and glucagon (blood glucose)
  • Ovaries — oestrogen (female reproductive cycle)
  • Testes — testosterone (male characteristics)

Hormones vs nervous system

  • Hormones: travel in blood, slower, longer-lasting, affect specific target organs
  • Nervous system: travels along neurons, very fast, short-lived, precise location
  • Both are communication systems coordinating body responses

Adrenaline — fight or flight

Exam questions — 3 questions · 9 marks total
This module includes extended questions (4–6 marks). These are where most marks are lost. Read the hint carefully. Write in linked sentences. The AI will identify exactly which mark scheme points you missed.
1 markHormone transportAQA 8461 style

How are hormones transported around the body?

A Along neurons as electrical impulses
B In the blood to target organs
C Through the lymphatic system
D By diffusion through cells
1 markAdrenaline effectsAQA Jun 2024 P2 style

Which of the following is an effect of adrenaline?

A Decreases heart rate to save energy
B Increases heart rate and blood flow to muscles
C Lowers blood glucose concentration
D Reduces breathing rate
4 marksCompare nervous and hormonal controlAQA 8461 style

Compare how the nervous system and the hormonal system coordinate responses in the body. (4 marks)

Hint: Structure your answer as direct comparisons — speed, duration, how signal travels, specificity. Cover at least 3 differences.
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