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B5.6 · 4.5.3Paper 2

Controlling Blood Glucose

How insulin and glucagon maintain blood glucose concentration. Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Appears on every Biology Paper 2.

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Controlling Blood Glucose — watch on MyGCSEScience
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Cognito · AQA Biology · Apr 2025 · 2026/27 examsDiabetes — Type 1 & Type 2
Key facts

When blood glucose rises (after eating)

  • Pancreas detects high blood glucose
  • Pancreas releases insulin
  • Insulin causes cells to take up glucose from the blood
  • Liver converts glucose to glycogen (storage)
  • Blood glucose falls back to normal

When blood glucose falls (after exercise)

  • Pancreas detects low blood glucose
  • Pancreas releases glucagon
  • Glucagon causes glycogen → glucose in the liver
  • Glucose released into blood
  • Blood glucose rises back to normal

Type 1 diabetes

  • Pancreas does not produce insulin
  • Blood glucose can become dangerously high
  • Treated by insulin injections and careful diet
  • An autoimmune condition — immune system destroys insulin-producing cells

Type 2 diabetes

  • Body cells stop responding to insulin
  • Often linked to obesity and poor diet
  • Treated by diet and exercise (sometimes medication)
  • More common than Type 1
Exam questions — 5 questions · 7 marks
1 markHormonesAQA Jun 2024 P2 Q5

Which organ produces both insulin and glucagon?

A Liver
B Kidney
C Pancreas
D Adrenal gland
3 marksBlood glucose regulationAQA Jun 2023 P2 Q5 style

Describe how the body responds when blood glucose concentration becomes too high. (3 marks)

+30 XP
1 markGlucagonAQA 8461 style

What does glucagon cause the liver to do?

A Convert glucose into glycogen
B Convert glycogen back into glucose and release it into the blood
C Produce insulin
D Remove glucose from the blood
2 marksDiabetes typesAQA 8461 style

Give one difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. (2 marks — 1 for each type)

+20 XP
1 markNegative feedbackAQA Jun 2023 P2 Q5.2 style

Blood glucose control is an example of negative feedback. What does "negative feedback" mean in this context?

A A change causes more of the same change
B A change is detected and the response brings conditions back to the ideal level
C Blood glucose never changes once it is at the normal level
D The body produces glucose whenever blood glucose falls

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