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Connect the hot/cold response pathways, see a worked example then try one yourself, then real exam questions
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FreeScienceLessons · AQA Biology Thermoregulation — Controlling Body Temperature
Key facts
Thermoregulation — core mechanism Core body temperature maintained at 37°C — the optimum for enzymes. Monitored by the thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus (brain). Receptors in the hypothalamus detect blood temperature. Skin receptors detect external temperature. Responses are automatic (involuntary) via the nervous and hormonal systems. Responses to temperature changes — fill in the table Mechanism Too hot Too cold
Blood vessels near skin Sweat / muscles Hairs (erector muscles)
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Exam questions — 3 questions · 11 marks
⚡ Extended questions included. Read the hint. Write in full sentences. AI marks against the AQA mark scheme.
1 mark Vasodilation effect AQA 8461 P2 style
How does vasodilation help cool the body when it is too hot?
A Blood vessels widen, increasing blood flow to the skin surface, which increases heat loss by radiation
B Blood vessels widen, allowing sweat to pass through them more easily
C Blood vessels widen, reducing blood pressure and slowing the heart rate
D Blood vessels widen, causing the skin to contract and trap heat
1 mark Shivering mechanism AQA 8461 style
Why does shivering help raise body temperature?
A Shivering increases blood flow to the muscles
B Rapid muscle contractions during shivering require respiration, which releases heat energy as a by-product
C Shivering causes the hairs to stand up, trapping more air
D Shivering reduces blood flow to the skin surface to conserve heat
4 marks Describe thermoregulation response AQA 8461 P2 style
A person moves from a cold room into a warm environment. Describe the changes that occur in the skin to help maintain a constant core body temperature. (4 marks)
Hint: Cover: hypothalamus detects change → vasodilation → more blood at surface → radiation. Also: sweating → evaporation → heat loss. And: hairs lie flat.
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